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Peer review policy

  1. Purpose of Peer Review

Global Citation considers peer review to be a cornerstone of scholarly publishing. The peer review process ensures the academic quality, originality, validity, and relevance of all manuscripts published by the publisher.

This policy outlines the principles, procedures, and responsibilities governing the peer review process at Global Citation.

  1. Peer Review Model

Global Citation employs a double-blind peer review model for all research articles.

Under this model:

  • The identities of authors are concealed from reviewers
  • The identities of reviewers are concealed from authors
  • Editorial staff ensure anonymity is maintained throughout the review process

This approach promotes objective, unbiased, and fair evaluation of scholarly work.

  1. Review Process Overview

Each manuscript submitted to Global Citation undergoes the following review stages:

  1. Initial Editorial Assessment
    Manuscripts are assessed for relevance to the journal’s scope, completeness, clarity, and compliance with submission guidelines.
  2. Reviewer Assignment
    Each manuscript is reviewed by a minimum of three independent reviewers before an editorial decision is made.
  3. Peer Review Evaluation
    Reviewers evaluate the manuscript based on academic merit, originality, methodology, ethical compliance, and contribution to the field.
  4. Editorial Decision
    Editorial decisions are made based on reviewer reports and editorial assessment.

Authors are informed of decisions along with anonymized reviewer feedback.

  1. Reviewer Selection and Responsibilities

4.1 Reviewer Selection

Reviewers are selected based on:

  • Subject-matter expertise
  • Research experience and publication record
  • Absence of conflicts of interest

Editors strive to ensure diversity, independence, and objectivity in reviewer selection.

Peer reviewers are external and independent experts who are not part of the journal’s editorial staff and have no competing interests related to the manuscript under review.

4.2 Reviewer Responsibilities

Reviewers are expected to:

  • Provide objective, constructive, and timely evaluations
  • Maintain confidentiality of manuscript content
  • Declare any conflicts of interest
  • Refrain from using unpublished material for personal advantage
  1. Evaluation Criteria

Reviewers are asked to assess manuscripts according to the following criteria:

  • Originality and significance of the research
  • Soundness of methodology and analysis
  • Accuracy of data and conclusions
  • Ethical compliance and research integrity
  • Clarity of presentation and scholarly relevance

Recommendations may include acceptance, revision, or rejection, accompanied by detailed feedback.

  1. Editorial Decision-Making

Final decisions regarding manuscript acceptance, revision, or rejection are made by the editorial team after careful consideration of reviewer reports.

Editors may request:

  • Minor revisions
  • Major revisions
  • Additional rounds of peer review, if necessary

Authors are given reasonable timeframes to address reviewer comments and submit revised manuscripts.

  1. Confidentiality and Anonymity

All materials related to the peer review process are treated as confidential. Reviewers must not disclose, discuss, or distribute manuscript content outside the review process.

  1. Conflicts of Interest

Reviewers and editors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could affect their impartiality. If a conflict exists, individuals must decline participation in the review or editorial handling of the manuscript. For any conflict of interest, please email us info@web.globalcitation.com

  1. Ethical Oversight

Global Citation monitors the peer review process to ensure ethical conduct and transparency. Allegations of reviewer misconduct, bias, or breach of confidentiality are investigated in accordance with established ethical guidelines.

  1. Peer Review Integrity and Standards

Global Citation adheres to best practices in peer review as outlined by:

The publisher remains committed to continuous improvement of the peer review process.

  1. Policy Review

This Peer Review Policy is subject to periodic review to reflect evolving standards and best practices in scholarly publishing.

Plagiarism policy

  1. Policy Statement

Global Citation is committed to maintain the highest standards of academic integrity and ethical publishing. Plagiarism in any form is considered a serious violation of publication ethics and is not tolerated.

This policy defines plagiarism, outlines detection procedures, and describes the actions taken in cases of suspected or confirmed misconduct.

  1. Definition of Plagiarism

Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to:

  • Presenting another person’s work, ideas, data, or text as one’s own
  • Copying text or content without proper citation or acknowledgment
  • Substantial similarity to previously published work without attribution
  • Self-plagiarism, including redundant or duplicate publication without disclosure
  • Uncredited use of figures, tables, images, or other copyrighted material

Plagiarism may occur intentionally or unintentionally; however, both are treated with equal seriousness.

  1. Plagiarism Detection

All manuscripts submitted to Global Citation are screened using industry-standard plagiarism detection software as part of the editorial evaluation process.

Similarity reports are assessed by editors using editorial judgment, taking into account:

  • Context and discipline-specific norms
  • Proper citation and quotation
  • Methodological or technical overlap

A similarity score alone does not determine plagiarism; qualitative assessment is always applied.

Plagiarism screening is conducted prior to peer review and, where necessary, at additional stages of the editorial process.

  1. Acceptable Similarity and Citation Practices

Global Citation recognizes that limited textual overlap may occur in:

  • Methodology descriptions
  • Standard technical terminology
  • Properly cited quotations

Authors are expected to:

  • Clearly cite all sources
  • Use quotation marks where appropriate
  • Paraphrase responsibly and accurately

Failure to follow proper citation practices may result in corrective action.

  1. Editorial Assessment and Investigation

When potential plagiarism is identified:

  1. The manuscript is reviewed by the editorial team
  2. Authors may be contacted for clarification or explanation
  3. Supporting documentation may be requested

Cases are evaluated in accordance with COPE guidelines to ensure fairness and transparency.

  1. Actions in Cases of Plagiarism

Depending on the severity and stage of publication, actions may include:

  • Request for manuscript revision and proper citation
  • Rejection of the manuscript
  • Withdrawal of a manuscript under review
  • Retraction of a published article
  • Notification to the author’s institution or funding body, where appropriate

Decisions are made proportionately and documented thoroughly.

  1. Plagiarism in Published Articles

If plagiarism is discovered after publication, Global Citation will:

  • Conduct a formal investigation
  • Issue a correction, expression of concern, or retraction as warranted
  • Clearly label affected content to preserve the integrity of the scholarly record

Retracted articles remain accessible with clear retraction notices, in line with ethical publishing standards.

  1. Author Responsibilities

Authors are responsible for:

  • Ensuring the originality of their work
  • Properly citing all sources
  • Disclosing any prior publication or overlapping content

Submission of a manuscript implies acceptance of this Plagiarism Policy.

  1. Appeals

Authors may appeal editorial decisions related to plagiarism by providing a reasoned explanation and supporting evidence. Appeals are reviewed by senior editorial staff or an ethics committee, where applicable. For appeals, email us editor@web.globalcitation.com

  1. Policy Review

This Plagiarism Policy is reviewed periodically to reflect evolving standards in research integrity and scholarly publishing.

Retraction policy

  1. Purpose of Retractions

Global Citation is committed to preserving the integrity, accuracy, and reliability of the scholarly record. Retractions are issued to correct the literature and alert readers when published content is found to be unreliable or ethically compromised.

This policy outlines the circumstances under which retractions, corrections, or expressions of concern may be issued, and the procedures followed in such cases.

  1. Grounds for Retraction

An article may be retracted for reasons including, but not limited to:

  • Evidence of plagiarism or substantial text overlap
  • Data fabrication, falsification, or manipulation
  • Ethical violations in research or publication practices
  • Redundant or duplicate publication
  • Unethical authorship practices
  • Legal issues, including copyright infringement
  • Serious errors that invalidate the findings or conclusions

Retractions are not issued for minor errors that do not affect the validity of the research.

  1. Retraction Initiation

A retraction may be initiated by:

  • Editors or editorial board members
  • Authors
  • Readers or reviewers
  • Institutional authorities

All allegations are handled confidentially and assessed objectively.

  1. Investigation Procedure

When a potential retraction issue is identified, Global Citation follows a structured process:

  1. Preliminary assessment by the editorial team
  2. Communication with the author(s) for explanation or clarification
  3. Review of supporting evidence and documentation
  4. Consultation with editorial leadership or ethics advisors, where appropriate

Investigations are conducted in accordance with COPE retraction guidelines and principles of due process.

  1. Author Notification and Response

Authors are informed of retraction considerations and given an opportunity to respond. Failure to respond or provide satisfactory clarification may result in retraction.

Retraction decisions are based on evidence and ethical considerations. The final decision to retract an article rests with the editorial leadership of Global Citation, regardless of author agreement.

  1. Retraction Notice

When an article is retracted:

  • A clear and transparent retraction notice is published
  • The notice states the reason(s) for retraction
  • The original article remains accessible but is clearly marked as retracted
  • The retraction notice is linked to the original article

This ensures transparency and maintains the integrity of the scholarly record. For further information email us at info@web.globalcitation.com

  1. Corrections and Expressions of Concern

7.1 Corrections

Corrections are issued when errors are identified that do not invalidate the overall findings but require clarification or amendment.

7.2 Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern may be published when:

  • An investigation is ongoing
  • Evidence is inconclusive
  • There are unresolved concerns regarding research integrity

These notices alert readers while maintaining procedural fairness.

  1. Indexing and Metadata Updates

Global Citation ensures that retraction notices, corrections, and expressions of concern are:

  • Clearly reflected in article metadata
  • Communicated to indexing and abstracting services
  • Permanently linked to the affected publication
  1. Post-Retraction Citations

Retracted articles should not be cited as valid research. Where citation is necessary for historical or methodological reasons, the retracted status must be clearly acknowledged.

  1. Policy Alignment

This Retraction Policy aligns with:

  1. Policy Review

This Retraction Policy is reviewed periodically to ensure alignment with evolving ethical standards and best practices in scholarly publishing.

Editorial Policies

  1. Scope and Purpose

Global Citation is an open access scholarly publisher committed to advancing high-quality, peer-reviewed research across diverse academic disciplines. The Editorial Policies of Global Citation define the principles, standards, and responsibilities that guide the editorial process and ensure the integrity, transparency, and academic rigor of all published content.

These policies apply to editors, editorial board members, reviewers, authors, and all parties involved in the publication process.

  1. Editorial Independence

Global Citation upholds full editorial independence. Editorial decisions are made solely on the basis of academic merit, originality, methodological soundness, clarity, and relevance to the journal’s scope.

Commercial considerations, including Article Processing Charges (APCs), institutional affiliations, funding sources, or personal relationships, do not influence editorial decisions at any stage of the publication process.

  1. Editorial Structure and Responsibilities

3.1 Editors-in-Chief

Editors-in-Chief are responsible for:

  • Setting the academic direction and editorial standards of the journal
  • Ensuring compliance with ethical publishing practices
  • Overseeing the peer review process
  • Making final decisions on manuscript acceptance or rejection

3.2 Associate Editors and Section Editors

Associate and Section Editors assist by:

  • Managing manuscript evaluations within their subject expertise
  • Selecting qualified peer reviewers
  • Providing recommendations based on reviewer feedback
  • Ensuring timely and fair editorial handling

3.3 Editorial Board Members

Editorial Board Members:

  • Advise on journal policy and scope
  • Support peer review and editorial activities
  • Promote ethical standards and academic quality

  1. Editorial Decision-Making

Manuscripts submitted to Global Citation are evaluated through a structured editorial process that includes:

  • Initial editorial screening for relevance, quality, and compliance
  • Double-blind peer review by independent experts
  • Editorial assessment of reviewer reports

Final publication decisions are based on:

  • Scholarly contribution and originality
  • Methodological validity
  • Ethical compliance
  • Reviewer recommendations

Authors are provided with clear, reasoned editorial decisions and constructive feedback wherever possible.

  1. Peer Review Integrity

Global Citation employs a double-blind peer review model, ensuring that the identities of both authors and reviewers remain confidential throughout the review process.

Editors ensure that:

  • Reviewers are selected based on expertise and objectivity
  • Conflicts of interest are avoided
  • Reviews are conducted respectfully, objectively, and confidentially

Peer review is conducted solely for academic evaluation and not for personal, institutional, or commercial benefit.

  1. Ethical Standards and Compliance

Global Citation adheres to internationally recognized publication ethics, including the principles and guidelines of:

Editors are responsible for addressing ethical concerns such as plagiarism, data fabrication, duplicate publication, authorship disputes, and conflicts of interest in accordance with established ethical frameworks. For any concern please email at editor@web.globalcitation.com

  1. Conflicts of Interest

Editors, reviewers, and authors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could influence the editorial process.

Editors with conflicts related to a submission must recuse themselves from handling that manuscript. Transparency and impartiality are maintained throughout the editorial workflow.

Editors who have a conflict of interest with respect to a submitted manuscript, including personal, professional, or financial relationships with the author(s), are excluded from all editorial decision-making related to that manuscript.

  1. Confidentiality

All manuscripts under consideration are treated as confidential documents. Editors and reviewers must not disclose manuscript content, data, or findings to third parties or use unpublished material for personal research or advantage.

  1. Corrections and Post-Publication Issues

Global Citation is committed to maintaining the accuracy of the scholarly record. Editors will facilitate corrections, retractions, or expressions of concern when necessary, following established ethical guidelines and publisher policies.

  1. Policy Review and Updates

These Editorial Policies are reviewed periodically to ensure alignment with evolving best practices in scholarly publishing. Updates may be made to reflect regulatory, ethical, or operational developments.

Open Access Policy

  1. Open Access Commitment

Global Citation is a fully open access publisher dedicated to the unrestricted dissemination of scholarly research. All articles published by Global Citation are made freely and permanently available online immediately upon publication, without subscription barriers or access restrictions.

This policy reflects Global Citation’s commitment to increasing the global visibility, accessibility, and impact of academic research.

  1. Open Access Model

Global Citation operates under a Gold Open Access publishing model. Under this model:

  • All published articles are accessible to readers worldwide at no cost
  • No registration or login is required to access published content
  • Articles are available immediately upon publication without embargo periods

Readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, subject to the terms of the applicable license.

  1. Licensing Terms

All articles published by Global Citation are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

This license permits:

  • Use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format
  • Commercial and non-commercial reuse

Provided that:

  • Appropriate credit is given to the original author(s)
  • A link to the license is provided
  • Any changes made are clearly indicated

The CC BY 4.0 license ensures compliance with major funder and institutional open access requirements.

  1. Copyright Ownership

Authors publishing with Global Citation retain full copyright of their work.

By submitting and publishing an article, authors grant Global Citation a non-exclusive license to:

  • Publish and distribute the work
  • Identify itself as the original publisher
  • Archive and preserve the published version

This arrangement allows authors to reuse, share, and deposit their work in institutional repositories, personal websites, or other platforms without restriction, provided proper citation is maintained.

  1. Article Processing Charges (APCs)

To support editorial management, peer review, production, and long-term digital preservation, Global Citation applies an Article Processing Charge (APC) of USD 49 for accepted manuscripts.

5.1 APC Transparency

  • Article Processing Charges are applied solely to cover publishing services and have no influence on editorial decision-making or peer review outcomes.
  • APCs are charged only after a manuscript is accepted
  • No submission or review fees are charged

5.2 APC Waivers

Global Citation is committed to equitable access to publishing. APC waivers or reductions may be granted in cases of:

  • Authors from low- and middle-income countries
  • Demonstrated financial hardship
  • Institutional or special funding arrangements

Requests for APC waivers are assessed independently of the peer review process and do not affect editorial decisions. For APC waivers, please contact us at billing@web.globalcitation.com

  1. Archiving and Preservation

Global Citation ensures the long-term preservation and accessibility of published content through:

  • Digital archiving systems
  • Secure server storage
  • Metadata indexing and preservation practices

Authors are also encouraged to deposit their published articles in institutional and subject repositories to enhance discoverability and long-term access.

  1. Compliance with Open Access Standards

Global Citation’s Open Access Policy aligns with:

The publisher supports transparency, sustainability, and ethical open access publishing practices.

  1. Policy Review

This Open Access Policy is reviewed periodically to ensure ongoing compliance with global open access standards and evolving scholarly publishing requirements.